The purpose of this paper is to study Lie-Rinehart superalgebras over characteristic zero fields, which are consisting of a supercommutative associative superalgebra $A$ and a Lie superalgebra $L$ that are compatible in a certain way. We discuss their structure and provide a classification in small dimensions. We describe all possible pairs defining a Lie-Rinehart superalgebra for $\dim(A)\leq 2$ and $\dim(L)\leq 4$. Moreover, we construct a cohomology complex and develop a theory of formal deformations based on formal power series and this cohomology.